Packard Snowflakes on the von Neumann Neighborhood

نویسندگان

  • Charles D. Brummitt
  • Hannah Delventhal
  • Michael Retzlaff
چکیده

In 1984, Packard [1] introduced simple planar cellular automata to emulate the growth of snow crystals. These Packard Snowflakes have since been popularized by S. Wolfram and others, most recently in [2]. The present paper provides a rigorous analysis of the simplest examples: those with nearest neighbor interaction on the two-dimensional integers. In each case we determine the asymptotic density with which the spreading crystal fills the plane. For the basic Exactly 1 rule started from a singleton, we establish alternate representations of the final state as a uniform tag system and as a substitution system.

برای دانلود رایگان متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

منابع مشابه

Nonlinear $*$-Lie higher derivations on factor von Neumann algebras

Let $mathcal M$ be a factor von Neumann algebra. It is shown that every nonlinear $*$-Lie higher derivation$D={phi_{n}}_{ninmathbb{N}}$ on $mathcal M$ is additive. In particular, if $mathcal M$ is infinite type $I$factor, a concrete characterization of $D$ is given.

متن کامل

Various topological forms of Von Neumann regularity in Banach algebras

We study topological von Neumann regularity and principal von Neumann regularity of Banach algebras. Our main objective is comparing these two types of Banach algebras and some other known Banach algebras with one another. In particular, we show that the class of topologically von Neumann regular Banach algebras contains all $C^*$-algebras, group algebras of compact abelian groups and ...

متن کامل

Calculating Different Topological Indices of Von Neumann Regular Graph of Z_(p^α )

By the Von Neumann regular graph of R, we mean the graph that its vertices are all elements of R such that there is an edge between vertices x,y if and only if x+y is a von Neumann regular element of R, denoted by G_Vnr (R). For a commutative ring R with unity, x in R is called Von Neumann regular if there exists x in R such that a=a2 x. We denote the set of Von Neumann regular elements by V nr...

متن کامل

The James and von Neumann-Jordan type constants and uniform normal structure in Banach spaces

Recently, Takahashi has introduced the James and von Neumann-Jordan type constants. In this paper, we present some sufficient conditions for uniform normal structure and therefore the fixed point property of a Banach space in terms of the James and von Neumann-Jordan type constants and the Ptolemy constant. Our main results of the paper significantly generalize and improve many known results in...

متن کامل

ذخیره در منابع من


  با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید

عنوان ژورنال:
  • J. Cellular Automata

دوره 3  شماره 

صفحات  -

تاریخ انتشار 2008